Burden Of Overweight Shifting Poor Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Background: Overweight and fleshiness prevalence has increased globally ; nevertheless, current prevalence and tendencies of fleshy by societal category in low- and middle-income states are unknown. Methods: Repeated cross-sectional, nationally representative informations from adult females aged 18-49 ( n=556,352 ) in 41 low- and middle-income states were used to find the prevalence of corpulence ( body mass index a†°?25 ) at each study moving ridge by wealth quintile and educational attainment ( individually ) . The SES-specific prevalence difference and prevalence growing rate for each state were compared for the lowest and highest SES groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Burden Of Overweight Shifting Poor Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Linear arrested development estimated the association between state wealth and fleshy prevalence growing. Consequences: In the bulk of country-years the highest wealth and instruction groups still have the highest age-standardized prevalence of corpulence and fleshiness ( 97 of 111 entire country-years ) . However, in about half of the states ( 21 of 41 ) , the additions in fleshy prevalence over clip have been greater in the lowest SES group compared to the highest SES group. Higher country-level Gross Domestic Product per capita ( GDP ) was associated with a higher fleshy prevalence growing rate for the lowest wealth group compared to the highest ( aGDPper capita/1000= 0.24 ; 95 % CI -0.015, 0.46 ) . Decisions: Presently, higher SES groups have more fleshy than lower SES groups across most developing states. However, half the states show a faster growing rates in corpulence in the lowest Selenium groups, declarative mood of an on-going displacement in the fleshy load toward lower SES groups. Across states, this displacement toward faster fleshy growing among lower wealth groups is associated with higher GDP. ( Word Count: 250 ) Introduction Low socioeconomic position ( SES ) is associated with higher rates of chronic disease in high-income states 1-4. In lower-income states, chronic disease has merely late go a prima cause of morbidity and mortality 5, and less is known about the societal patterning of emerging chronic diseases in these contexts. In the yesteryear, corpulence was comparatively uncommon in lower-income states and was positively associated with SES 6. However, the prevalence of corpulence has increased dramatically in many lower-income states around the universe over the last 5-15 old ages 7-9. As the load of nutrition-related disease has shifted toward overnutrition 10, it is unknown whether the load of these emerging diseases is going comparatively heavier among lower SES groups. Recent cross-sectional grounds suggests that in the bulk of lower-income states wealthier groups have a higher odds of corpulence. However, within-country clip tendencies of the fleshy prevalence for high and low socioeconomic position groups have non been reported. Changes in the fleshy prevalence over clip by socioeconomic position group are of import for understanding which groups are sing an increasing load of corpulence which can assist expect emerging forms of disease. ( ? ) Based on ascertained relationships in higher income states and on the documented relentless associations between low socioeconomic position and the prima causes of disease in many contexts, experts have hypothesized that the load of chronic disease in lower income states will finally switch toward lower SES populations within these states ( believe I can mention yach and popkin, possibly others look at concluding disseration chapter ) . Brazil is one of the few middle-income states in which alterations over clip in the SES-specific fleshy prevalence are available. Nationally-representative informations between 1975 and 2003 indicate that, among adult females, the lowest income groups have experienced much more rapid additions in fleshiness prevalence compared to highest SES groups 11. Among the two most thickly settled parts in Brazil, the fleshiness prevalence in the lowest income group has really surpassed that in the highest income group 12. Such a form of alteration in SES-specif ic fleshiness rates is consistent with a switching load of fleshiness to the hapless. Similar forms have been reported among adult females in urban countries of sub-saharan Africa ( ref? ? ) †¦ Merely with faster fleshy prevalence growing rates for the low SES groups could the relationship between high SES and overweight finally go opposite in states with antecedently positive relationships. On the other manus, there is research to propose that higher SES populations in lower income states will go on to bear the largest load of chronic disease. In India†¦ Additionally, economic dazes frequently affect nutrient security and can go forth populations with the lowest socioeconomic position most vulnerable to inadequate nutrition in these circumstances.13 ( seek to happen some scientific rating of this, might get down by reading Sen article ) . Merely with faster fleshy prevalence growing rates for the low SES groups could the relationship between high SES and overweight finally go opposite in states with antecedently positive relationships. Such a displacement of the load of fleshiness to low SES groups in states come oning through epidemiologic passages would be consistent with the cardinal cause theory of disease ( 11, 12 ) . This theory is frequently invoked to explicate wellness disparities and high spots the overall persistance of the relationship between SES and hapless wellness over clip, despite alterations in the T ( 1, 11, 13-15 ) . Brazil is one of the few middle-income states in which alterations over clip in the SES-specific fleshy prevalence are available. Nationally-representative informations between 1975 and 2003 indicate that, among adult females, the lowest income groups have experienced document within-country clip tendencies for growing in and, higher entire fleshy prevalence? ? ? ? is from the Demographic Health Surveys ( DHS ) , which are nationally representative family studies administered chiefly in low- and middle-income states ( henceforth referred to as lower-income states ) . The studies entail repeated cross-sections and roll up information about cardinal demographic features, birthrate, contraceptive method, wellness and nutrition. The DHS questionnaires are standardized to enable cross-country comparings 21. Since our primary involvement is in the clip trends in fleshy prevalence we included merely states that measured anthropometrics in at least two study moving ridges. beginnings that include anthropometric informations on at least two perennial steps over clip. The bulk are from Demographic Health AAdditionally, s 22, 232425 ) . Wealth and instruction were used individually to stand for SES. To stand for wealth, we used the DHS wealth index, which is derived from a chief constituents analysis ( PCA ) of some assets that were asked in all DHS studies, every bit good as some country-specific assets 26. The wealth index was used to make country- and year-specific quintiles of wealth mark, which were used as a categorical variable in the analyses. Education was categorized based on the educational mileposts: no schooling, primary, secondary, third school. If less than 2 % of the population fell into any one of the instruction classs, that class was combined with the following closest class to avoid unstable estimations. Results Age-standardized fleshy prevalence was determined for each wealth and instruction group in each state and in each study twelvemonth and SES ( wealth or instruction ) group. Sample weights to account for complex study design were used in all analyses. Analysiss were conduced individually by: 1 ) wealth quintile, 2 ) instruction group. Our results of involvement were 1 ) the difference in fleshy prevalence between the lowest and the highest wealth/education groups for each study moving ridge ( prevalence difference ( PD ) ) , and, to measure clip tendencies, 2 ) the annualized difference in the net alteration in fleshy prevalence between the first and last study moving ridge for the lowest and highest wealth/education groups ( annualized difference in fleshy prevalence alteration rate ) . To cipher the prevalence difference for wealth quintiles, we subtracted the prevalence in the highest wealth quintile from that of the lowest wealth quintile ( Overweightlowest- Overweighthighest ) in each study wave in each state. A positive corpulence prevalence difference would so bespeak that the lower wealth quintile had a higher prevalence of fleshy compared to the higher wealth quintile. To obtain the annualized difference in the fleshy prevalence growing rates between wealth quintiles, we took the difference between the net alteration in fleshy prevalence in the highest group and the net alteration in the lowest group ( Overweightlowest, lastwave- Overweightlowest, firstwave ) – ( Overweighthighest, lastwave – Overweighthighest, firstwave ) . A positive difference in prevalence growing rates indicated the lowest wealth quintile had a higher rate of prevalence growing rate than did the highest quintile. We repeat these analyses for each state by instruction group, classified by educational mileposts, lowest being no schooling and highest being third school. SES was represented by wealth and instruction, in separate analyses, to research the hardiness of the consequences to different indexs of SES. For DHS states, we used the DHS wealth index ; it is derived from a chief constituents analysis ( PCA ) of assets that were asked in all studies, every bit good as some country-specific variables 2727 Potentially do age-standardization as sensitiveness analysis merely. Make 90 % CI and site Davey-Smith article 27 619 1128 2930 14 19 hazard factors for obesityrisk factors for 1. Phelan JC, Link BG, Diez-Roux A, Kawachi I, Levin B. â€Å" Cardinal causes † of societal inequalities in mortality: a trial of the theory. J Health Soc Behav 2004 ; 45:265-85. 2. Antonovsky A. Social Class, Life Expectancy and Overall Mortality. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 1967 ; 45:31-73. 3. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, et Al. Socioeconomic position and wellness: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist 1994 ; 49:15-24. 4. Marmot MG, Smith GD, Stansfeld S, et al. Health inequalities among British civil retainers: the Whitehall II survey. Lancet 1991 ; 337:1387-93. 5. WHO. The universe wellness study 2003: determining the hereafter. Geneva: World Health Organization ; 2003. 6. Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic position and fleshiness: a reappraisal of the literature. Psychol Bull 1989 ; 105:260-75. 7. Popkin BM. The World Is Fat: The Fads, Trends, Policies, and Merchandises That Are Fattening the Human Race. New York: Avery-Penguin Group ; 2008. 8. Popkin BM. Global nutrition kineticss: the universe is switching quickly toward a diet linked with noncontagious diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 ; 84:289-98. 9. Popkin BM, Conde W, Hou N, Monteiro C. Is there a slowdown globally in fleshy tendencies for kids compared with grownups? Obesity ( Silver Spring ) 2006 ; 14:1846-53. 10. Mendez MA, Monteiro CA, Popkin BM. Overweight exceeds scraggy among adult females in most underdeveloped states. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 ; 81:714-21. 11. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Popkin BM. Income-specific tendencies in fleshiness in Brazil: 1975-2003. Am J Public Health 2007 ; 97:1808-12. 12. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Popkin BM. The load of disease from undernutrition and overnutrition in states undergoing rapid nutrition passage: a position from Brazil. Am J Public Health 2004 ; 94:433-4. 13. de Brauw A. Migration and child development during the nutrient monetary value crisis in El Salvador. Food Policy ; In Press, Corrected Proof. 14. Link BG, Phelan J. Social conditions as cardinal causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav 1995 ; Spec No:80-94. 15. Link BG, Phelan JC. Understanding sociodemographic differences in wellness — the function of cardinal societal causes. Am J Public Health 1996 ; 86:471-3. 16. Phelan JC, Link BG. Controling disease and making disparities: a cardinal cause position. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2005 ; 60 Spec No 2:27-33. 17. Miech R. The formation of a socioeconomic wellness disparity: the instance of cocaine usage during the 1980s and 1990s. J Health Soc Behav 2008 ; 49:352-66. 18. Chang VW, Lauderdale DS. Fundamental cause theory, technological invention, and wellness disparities: the instance of cholesterin in the epoch of lipid-lowering medicines. J Health Soc Behav 2009 ; 50:245-60. 19. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Lu B, Popkin BM. Obesity and unfairnesss in wellness in the underdeveloped universe. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004 ; 28:1181-6. 20. McLaren L. Socioeconomic position and fleshiness. Epidemiologic Reviews 2007 ; 29:29-48. 21. DHS Model Questionnaires. Measure DHS Macro International. ( Accessed at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/dhs/questionnaires.cfm. ) 22. DHS. DHS Guidelines for Interviewer Training: Measure DHS. Macro International ; 2000. 23. Indonesian Family Life Survey. ( Accessed Janurary 10, 2010, at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rand.org/labor/FLS/IFLS/hh.html. ) 24. WHO/FAO. Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic DiseasesReport of the joint WHO/FAO expert audience. Geneva: World Health Organization ; 2003. 25. Ahmad O, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez A, Murray C. Age standardisation of rates: a new WHO criterion. Geneva: World Health Organization ; 1999. 26. Rutstein SO, Johnson K. The DHS Wealth Index: Measure DHS, Macro International ; 2004. 27. Appropriate body-mass index for Asiatic populations and its deductions for policy and intercession schemes. The Lancet 2004 ; 363:157-63. 28. Ziraba AK, Fotso JC, Ochako R. Overweight and fleshiness in urban Africa: A job of the rich or the hapless? BMC Public Health 2009 ; 9:465. 29. Du S, Mroz TA, Zhai F, Popkin BM. Rapid income growing adversely affects diet quality in China — peculiarly for the hapless! Soc Sci Med 2004 ; 59:1505-15. 30. Monda KL, Gordon-Larsen P, Stevens J, Popkin BM. China ‘s passage: the consequence of rapid urbanisation on big occupational physical activity. Soc Sci Med 2007 ; 64:858-70. 1. How to cite Burden Of Overweight Shifting Poor Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

E Marketing in Hotel Industry - Solution is Just a Click Away

Question: Discuss about the E Marketing in Hotel Industry. Answer: Introduction: In this present study, we will learn the importance of E-marketing for the businesses of todays era. As we know that there is a great transformation in the business of 20 years back and now. There is a drastic change in the business models and strategies used by the industries. Though, there are many companies who are following the old trend in their business but they are facing a huge amount of competition and unable to survive in this challenging world. Therefore, we can analyze that e-marketing is very important for every business to have a competitive advantage from the competitors. E-marketing is a simple process by which a company can reach to its potential and existing customers using internet services. There are many methods available by which organizations can establish an effective internet marketing to reach to the global customers. In this study we understand the most common activities related to e marketing of business. We will also discuss about the various tools and technologies that is helping businesses in analysis of e marketing. There is a requirement of online tools like internet. The company must have an online presence either through websites or through e-stores, blogs, or any other method. In this way a company will reach to its potential and existing customers. They should also use the other methods so that they can easily contact and encourage the online visitors and attract them to buy your goods and services. We will understand the importance of internet marketing for the hospitality industry hotel industries. The other part of the study will introduce the business model of the hotel industry. There are many types of business models that are used by hotel industry but it is not relevant that every model is best suited on every hotels. The last part will let us know about the search marketing of hotel industry. We will learn about the many concepts related to search marketing. E-marketing E-marketing refers to any type of marketing that is done by using internet, online, website or any other tool related to internet sources. The other methods are generally free while e-marketing may or may not include a fee or charges depending upon the nature and type of the same. There are a huge variety of e-marketing tools that are available for the users like emails, text messages, messaging, websites, web pages, banners, images, advertisement, blogs, videos, social media like Facebook, twitter, watsapp, instragram, etc, search engines, and much more (Derouiche, 2015). The company must have an online presence either through websites or through e-stores, blogs, or any other method. In this way a company will reach to its potential and existing customers. They should also use the other methods so that they can easily contact and encourage the online visitors and attract them to buy your goods and services. E-marketing has helped industries to promote their products and services in not only the domestic nation but also the international markets as it has a global reach. It is very effective in terms of time and money (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). The main and most important marketing activities related to internet marketing are newsletters, social media, optimization of search engines, mobile phones, webinars, etc. newsletters is a type of mailing and advertising that is perfect for the clients who may not available on other channels. Social media is related to the apps that provide a platform for companies to inform their customers like twitter, Facebook, etc. Search engines are like google search and other search platforms. By using mobile phones, many companies are getting good results in their businesses. Seminars are used in the process of promotion of goods and services on online platform. By using all the drivers of e-marketing, hotel industries are converting their local markets to international one. They can now access with international clients with the use of internet services. The process of internet marketing is very effective as it helps hotel industries to reach to their target customers and optimize the use of marketing strategies. The performance of many companies also enhanced due to adoption of internet marketing (Pires, Stanton, Rita, 2006). There are many drivers of change related to the internet marketing of goods and services. E-marketing has become very important for hotel industry as it is creating a good impact on the business. As compared to traditional marketing, e marketing has brought incredible changes. A successful a significant e-marketing comprises of a set of actions and activities that will help the hoteliers to reach to their target audience and potential customers. These activities are divided in five points. Firstly, let us discuss about all and then select the most relevant driver of e marketing for hotel industry (Russel, 2008). The fist driver is social media marketing that includes Facebook, twitter, YouTube, etc. that helps to spread the information on a very fast scale to all the audience. The second driver is mobile advertising that provides fast connectivity to the organizations. Email advertising is one of the old methods of internet marketing. It is also a powerful tool for the promotion of goods and services. Emails and newsletters are one and the same thing. The display advertising is also a traditional method of advertising that has now changed in e marketing as it has now adopted the methods of online methods. Some examples are web banners, text ads, picture ads, etc. (Yoo, Lee, Bai, 2011). Search engine marketing (SEM): In the large majority of people, it is the most used driver by the customers to search for information and data about the hotels, restaurants and travel destinations online. Therefore, it is the most effective driver of marketing by which companies can target their potential customers when they search for hotels or destinations. In the hotel industry, there are two options available for an hotelier with in regards to Search engine marketing. The first engine is search engine optimization (SEO). It helps hotel industry to optimize the organic of websites that are non-sponsored search ranking in the search enhance results papers (SERPs). It increases the relevance of content to the search items. It includes many types of techniques that help to improve the Search engine marketing (Osterwalder, Pigneur, Tucci, 2005). Features of search engine marketing Conversion optimizer is a technique that provides several methods to enhance the rate of websites that will affect the booking of the website visits. It also optimizes the element of HTML that includes website design, keywords, header tags, description, name, etc. the optimization of content will be done through search engine marketing as it match the search content of the guests. It provides a good value to the clients by easy and helps in search also (Wilkie Moore, 2003). The impact of e-marketing on hotel industries The most prominent changes that have been observed are that e-marketing is a technique that can be used against the competitors who are using traditional method of marketing in hotel industries. It is also a challenge for the new entrants in the market. As we know that the environment of business is changing every day. To cope up the changes hotel industries are now adopting e-marketing (Baskerville Myers, 2002). There are many types of changes that take place after the invention of e-marketing. It is helping in the formation of strategic policies that facilitates the performance of hotels. The management of data, information, and technology is become possible due to it. We can notice that it is divided into three segments; operations, guest services and management of information. Three of them are the major areas where e-marketing is very relevant. It provides flexibility, quality, efficiency, in the working and helps in the process of promotion. E-marketing facilitates the sale and revenue of the hotels though effective promotions held by them. It is a huge platform for the hotel industry and the hoteliers to promote their goods and services by using e-marketing strategies (Cighi, 2009). Business model and strategies A business model of an organization is and summarize representation of the structure and management of an organization that is conceptual in nature, graphical, textual, interrelated architectural, operations, functional and the financial management and arrangements of all the above. It is designed and developed by the top management of the company to perform the work at the present time and in future to achieve the objectives and goals of the same. A business model has the caliber to describe the rationale of an organization. It develops the future possibilities for the managers (Enz, Canina, Walsh, 2001). The business strategy and the business models are very closely related to each other. They both represent the strategies of the business organization that aims are to satisfy the customers and create value in the market for the organization. There are many industries that not only use business models but also a combination of business strategy and model both at a time. Business strategy leads in a successful competitive advantage for the organization (Choi, Kimes, 2002). Business Model- Hotels Stakeholders Corporate governance Business planning Perspective strategies Mergers acquisitions/projects Marketing and sales Hospitality/hotel industry Hospitality operational service Accommodations revenue board Food and beverage Entertainment, tours, and other revenue utilities Hospitality/hotel industry Support process Sales and marketing Finance HR administration Hospitality/hotel industry Support process out Procurement of supply chain Engineering IT Hospitality/hotel industry Cost board Operator risk and team building Write off bad debts Effective security Hospitality/hotel industry Corporate process Owners risk Assets management Equipment analysis Hospitality/hotel industry Audits Legal compliance Manual check Commercial policy Various types of business models Direct sales model In this model, the main strategy is to sell the goods and service by the sales person directly to the client. There is no need of fixed retail shops or stores for doing such type of sales. Instead of this, the sales persons are connected with the parent companies and customers who directly generate the revenue for the firm. It is effective for the hotel industry as they can have direct client relations (Lambert, Davidson, 2013). Franchise model In this model, there is no need to create a new product or service. The only need is to take the franchise from the head company and then deliver the standard products and services to the customers. The owners of the franchise have the right to own a particular amount of revenue from the main company. With fixed amount, there are certain incentives policies set for them according to which they can earn more. It is one of the most famous models in food chain industry like pizza hut, dominos, etc. (Kayaman, Arasli, 2007) Freemium model It is best suited for the companies who want to set up an online business. To enhance the future transactions, the companies do not give sot to the customers. It helps to enhance good relations with the customers. These types of models are adopted by the companies whose aim is to establish good relation with the customers. They also offer many types of advanced and free services to the customers. The cost of acquit ion for such model for the customers is very low like internet services and online access. These models provide high life time value for the customers. For example spotify and Skype (Jiang, Dev, Rao, 2002). Subscription model These types of models are used by company who have a high value for their customer and who want to retain their customers for a longer period o time. Many companies who generally operate online create the subscription model in which they require online log in, payment plans, fees for cancellations, etc. They are risk free models (Law Veen, 2008). The hotel industries need one business model or more than one business models In my opinion, hotel industry must adopt more than one business model in their organization. It is recommended that there must be a combination of business models and business strategies so that the management can takes place in an efficient and effective way. The business models and strategies are designed and developed by the top management of the company to perform the work at the present time and in future to achieve the objectives and goals of the organization. The strategies and models collectively work to accomplish the two main goals of hotel industry that are firstly they create the demand of the customers by increasing the volume of the business and also maximize the margins (Brady, 2011). The business model sets the price at a higher level so that more profits can be earned. The retention rate of the customers is also increased by business models. Secondly, it lowers the cost of production by developing such strategies related to the production, selling, distribution, storage, services, etc. the cost of infrastructure and operational cost is also decrease with the effective use of business models an strategies (Richardson, 2011). Search marketing In the last few years, the internet and online marketing is gaining a good amount of value and attention. In other words, we can say that making a websites for the business and organizations is similar as making a banner for any shop or enterprise that is required to be place effectively. It helps to attract the potential customer in the market place and inform the about the business. Now days, the websites are helping the business organization in generating good amount of revenue and providing good leads to them. They are capable of doing such activities as websites are designed in a way that they attract more and more customers to the firm (El-Gohary, 2012). The meaning of search marketing is to promote the website of a company by enhancing the presence of the same in the Search Engine Pages (SERPs). Now days, the irrelevant and out-dated websites are just not worth for the companies as the customers only look towards the updated versions and organized web pages and websites. It can become effective through spending time and money on it. There must be good content of the company. In term of search engines, it is more relevant and important. It is a kind of inevitable source in the highly competitive environment of business organizations where companies can perform best through being in the top of SERPs (First, 2016). The concepts of search marketing Here we discuss about the major six concepts related to search marketing- There must be an understanding for search engines- Organizations must understand the relevancy of search engines as they are the one who make the online business successful. Therefore, they should learn that how the search engines help the running and working of the websites (Xu Quaddus, 2010). Selection of the keywords- There should be proper incorporation of keywords should take place in the formation of websites as it is the most important concept of the same. This process is also termed as content optimization. Keyword means the sentence of word typed at the time of search. Selection of the URL of the websites- The companies should be careful while selecting the URL for the company. It is noticed that companies whose URLs are easy and friendly are more effective in comparison of others. Especially, when a company is dealing in customers goods and services, it becomes more relevant (Slater, Hult, Olson, 2010). Pay-Per-Click (PPC) and organic results- It is a decent way to enhance the presence of websites if they are effectively used. PPC give platform for the search engines and the organic results helps to influence the ranks of the search engines (Strauss, 2016). Back limits- These links play a crucial role to improve the reputation of the websites if the other websites are trying to endorse your own websites. Therefore, the content of the websites must be of good quality. The effective use of google tools- Product research, coupons, sitemaps, and analytics are the major tools that help to monitor the performance of the websites and also the valuable information (Tsiotsou Goldsmith, 2012). Importance of local search of the life of internet users Now days, the internet has become one of the most demanded in crowed place. Every organization is facing a huge amount of competition in search engine results. Simultaneously, the customers are looking for the goods and services that can improve the standards of living. The local research has become very popular and also important. The search of online terms is moving from the desktop to handy items. With the interference of mobile technology, the search is become easier for the customers. It is observed that in 2015, the search had crossed the milestone. The search volumes are increasing on a high scale. There is a traffic in the searches of local terms that is converting in a better sense (Pride Ferrell, 2012). Conclusion The present study describes about various types of benefits that companies have due to the invention of internet and internet marketing. It is helping out in many ways like time saving global reach, productivity, effectiveness and the overall growth and development of the company is directly or indirectly related to the marketing of the same. There are many drivers of internet marketing like social media, phones, emails, newsletters, etc. the use of internet in hotel industry has brought an immense change in the working of hospitality industry. The innovation takes place after the internet marketing is very effective and efficient as it is turning the old and traditional ways of marketing into new and innovative ways that are very prominent in nature. In the second part, we have discussed about the business models and business strategies adopted by the organizations and especially the hotel industries. The business model crates a high impact on the performance of an industry as it regulates and controls the working o the entire organization. In this study we have learnt different types of business models like Freemium, franchise, etc. they all are very impactful and create positive influence on the organizations. It is not mandatory that a hotel adopt a single business model. It is observed that hotels that are maintain their structure through more than one business models and with the effect of business strategies are more successful and growing. Hence we can say that business models are created in accordance with the need and requirement. At last, we have studied about the search marketing. Search marketing refers to the promotion of the websites of a company by enhancing the presence of the same in the Search Engine Pages (SERPs). Now days, the irrelevant and out-dated websites are just not worth for the companies as the customers only look towards the updated versions and organized web pages and websites. References Baskerville, R. L., Myers, M. D. (2002). Information systems as a reference discipline. Mis Quarterly, 1-14. Brady, D. (2011). Essentials of international marketing. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Bjork, B. C. (2012). The hybrid model for open access publication of scholarly articles: A failed experiment?. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(8), 1496-1504. 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E-marketing. Routledge. Tsiotsou, R. Goldsmith, R. (2012). Strategic marketing in tourism services. Bingley: Emerald. Wilkie, W. L., Moore, E. S. (2003). Scholarly research in marketing: Exploring the 4 eras of thought development. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 22(2), 116-146. Yoo, M., Lee, S., Bai, B. (2011). Hospitality marketing research from 2000 to 2009: topics, methods, and trends. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(4), 517-532. Xu, J. Quaddus, M. (2010). E-business in the 21st century. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.

Willa Cather Works Themes Essays - Willa Cather, My Ntonia

Willa Cather Works Themes Sara Orne Jewett, a local colorist from Maine, once suggested that Willa Cather write from her own background. Cather followed that advice and became famous for her stories of the American frontier; especially those about heroic women who struggled to tame the prairies of Nebraska and the Southwest. Cather's first novel was published in 1912 and was called Alexander's Bridge. In 1913 came O Pioneers! which took its title from a poem by Walt Whitman. My Antonia, published in 1918, is probably her best known work, and features the hardy, sensitive women who led courageous, simple lives of endurance in the harshly beautiful wilderness. These immigrants would become the mothers of a new race of Americans, and the book spans the few generations that saw the prairie transformed into modern farmland and cities. In 1927, Willa Cather wrote what is considered her best work, Death Comes for the Archbishop, about missionary priests in New Mexico. In 1923, she won the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, the story of an American farmer who dies in battle in World War I. Like the narrator in My Antonia, Willa Cather was born in Virginia, the oldest child in an Irish family, and moved to Nebraska with her family when she was eleven. It was 1883. In the book, the boy, Jim Burden, compares the gentler land of Virginia to the wild beauty of the prairies. Like him, Willa lived with her grandparents, and like Jim's grandparents, her family emphasized intellect, morality and ladylike behavior. Like her protagonist, Cather grew up among European immigrants and enjoyed the simple pleasures of a rural childhood, like giving plays. Willa Cather had an interest in medicine and a lifelong love of music and theater. One of her books, Song of the Lark, was about a frontier girl who becomes a great opera singer. Cather never married, and according to one source, she sometimes wore men's clothes and passed as a male doctor, in order to avoid the prejudice against women that was common in society in those days. Though she chose a man as her narrator, My Antonia is more concerned with the lives of the immigrant girls who grew up strong on prairie farms, worked in town to earn their way, and then made lives for themselves in their new country. The author seems especially sympathetic to the women when Lena faces a double standard, and is blamed for the attention her beauty arouses in a married admirer. Antonia also suffers rejection when her fianc? gets her pregnant before he abandons her. The author's preference for the openhearted farmers and sensitive women over the town snobs is similar to Sinclair Lewis's judgments in Main Street. Not only is farming the land hard on these women, but marriage and small town society are too. But in America, the hired girls can decide to leave or stay and build new lives. Like many artists, Willa Cather may not have felt fully accepted in small rural towns because the theme of the misunderstood artist recurs in her work. In My Antonia, the heroine's father is the transplanted artist, a musician who is unprepared for prairie life. He has been taken advantage of by the man who sells him the farm. He is not respected as he was in his homeland, and his skills do not help him in farming. He is obviously depressed by the changes in his life, and when his premature death is suspected of being a suicide, he is even punished in death. No local cemetery will bury him in their hallowed ground, so he is buried under a future crossroads according to a brutal custom. Again, like her narrator in My Antonia, Willa Cather graduated from the University of Nebraska in 1895 and went east. She taught English and Latin in high school in Pittsburg while writing poetry and short stories from 1901 to 1906. Later, in New York, she joined the staff of "McClure's Magazine" and became an editor. In 1912, she first visited the Southwest, where she "discovered herself" and was especially impressed with the Anasazi cliff dwellings. On later travels west, Willa Cather revisited Nebraska and became reacquainted with Annie Sadilek Pavelka, the childhood friend who inspired the character of Antonia. In 1917, Cather wrote My Antonia in New Hampshire and published it the following year. Willa Cather traveled to Europe and visited the original homes of her immigrant characters. She was especially fond of Czechoslovakia, which is where the fictional family, the Shimerdas, came

Essay Sample on Different Types of Communication

Essay Sample on Different Types of Communication To write an essay on communication, students should know what communication is. Communication is a two way process in which the receiver and sender, both should be involved actively. Communication involves means such as listening, speaking, writing and reading. All these means can be used for an active communication process. Essays on communication should be able to depict any one or many means of communication. Essays on communication can be of many types like essay on communication skills, essay on interpersonal communication, essay on team communication and essay on public relations. ‘Communication skills’ is a broad field and essay on communication skills should contain some information about the communication skills that are relevant to the topic of essay on communication. For essay on interpersonal communication, the relationships between the two communicators should be highlighted in the essay on communication. Similarly, essay on team communication should contain information about how a team can develop interpersonal communication between each other. For all kinds of communication essays, the writers of the communication essays should keep in mind that they should write keeping view the topic of the communication essays. The matter in an essay on communication should be relevant to the topic and should be informative regarding to the topic of communication essay. For writing communication essays, the writers have to follow some guidelines, which will help them in writing a communication essay that will be of good quality. Essay in also a form a communication so it should be communicated with clear messages and simple language so the reader faces no problem in comprehension of the idea delivered in the essay on communication. Essays on communication should have a well-defined introduction, some body paragraphs for the discussion in terms of communication topic and a conclusion, which should summarize the whole essays and should come to one point after the discussion that is done in the body section. In case of well-organized communication essay, the reader of an essay on communication will be able to get the arguments written by a writer of essay on communication. Every paragraph given in an essay on communication should be able to describe only one idea or thought, in case of more than one idea or thought in one paragraph, the reader faces di fficulty in getting the meaning of the whole passage as it is jumbled down with a number of ideas. The introductory paragraph should have the description of the topic of your essays on communication. There should be a thesis statement. A thesis statement is stated in one sentence or more than one sentence but it is suggested that it should be one sentence. The thesis statement gives the main idea of the essays on communication. There are also custom writing sites like us from where you can get plagiarism free essay on communication, and get professional assistance how to write an essay on communication issues.

Web Blog - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Web Blog - - Essay Example We must also consider that there is a legislation which does not allow abortion in advanced stages of pregnancy. So we can start an endless debate on when is the fetus considered as a living being, or support a law that is made to protect whether women and babies (it is advisable to abort under 21 weeks, but it is protected by the law until week 24). We must also consider the fact that, having an abortion is an operation and, by no means, women are making this decision lightly. Maybe, if talking clearly to teenagers about sex and methods of contraception was not such a big taboo, they will have enough information to make a better decision. If they are concerned about the importance of prevention and taking care of their health, they will be able to avoid unwanted pregnancies and will be much more responsible persons. But in the case they got pregnant, it is always better to have the opportunity and the adequate means to decide if they want to terminate their pregnancy or not. Sexual education is extremely important, as it is the best way to avoid abortion and to bring up responsible and careful persons. It is simply just not logical to get stuck into a position which gives priority to the fetus and not to the women’s life, and which does not allow women to decide by their selves if they want or not to have a

A proposal to Rutgers University about the increasing problem of Research

A to Rutgers University about the increasing problem of mixing energy drinks with alcohol on college campuses - Research Proposal Example On college campuses, a high concentration of the age group likely to use these beverages is found, putting universities in a unique position to provide educational and preventative interventions. On November 17, 2010, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued written warnings to manufacturers of alcoholic beverages with added caffeine (FDA, 2010). The FDA had both reviewed existing medical literature and conducted independent lab tests on the beverages, and in the process found them to be representative of a significant public health concern (FDA, 2010). As more data surface suggesting the health risks associated with these beverages, it is necessary to evaluate how their use and availability on college campuses could impact students’ health and well-being. Based on an analysis of recent peer-reviewed studies, this literature review will: provide a background context from which to view the issue; contribute to the identification of methods and interventions that will raise awareness on the Rutgers campus; contribute suggestions for reducing the harm that results from the use of alcoholic caffeinated beverages. Alcoholic beverages with added caffeine are relatively new products. In 1997, the first energy drink to achieve mainstream popularity was introduced (â€Å"Red Bull†) (Malinauskas et al., 2007). The first Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages (CABs) entered the market about five years later in 2002 (CDC, 2010). The beverages saw a very rapid and sharp increase in popularity, with 337,500 gallons sold in their first year and 22,905,000 gallons sold in 2008 (CDC, 2010). What was at one time a niche product is now available in retail outlets and convenience stores, and by 2008 there were 25 brands selling the beverages (CDC, 2010). The advertising industry has capitalized on the drinks’ attractiveness to young people by creating ad campaigns that are similarly attractive to that age group (CDC, 2010). With names like â€Å"Sparks,†

Which Antibiotic is the Most Effective on Bacteria?

Which Antibiotic is the Most Effective on Bacteria? INTRODUCTION Antibiotics The word antibiotic comes from the Greek anti meaning against and bios meaning life (a bacterium is a life form). Antibiotics are also known as antibacterials, and they are drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Bacteria are tiny organisms that can sometimes cause illness to humans and animals. The singular word for bacteria is bacterium. Such illnesses as tuberculosis, salmonella, syphilis and some forms of meningitis are caused by bacteria. Some bacteria are not harmful, while others are good for us. Before bacteria can multiply and cause symptoms our immune system can usually destroy them. We have special white blood cells that attack harmful bacteria. Even if symptoms do occur, our immune system can usually cope and fight off the infection. There are occasions, however, when it is all too much and our bodies need some help from antibiotics. The first antibiotic was penicillin. Such penicillin-related antibiotics as ampicillin, amoxicillin and benzylpenicilllin are widely used today to treat a variety of infections these antibiotics have been around for a long time. There are several different types of modern antibiotics and they are only available with a doctors prescription in industrialized countries. How do antibiotics work? Although there are a number of different types of antibiotic they all work in one of two ways: A bactericidal antibiotic kills the bacteria. Penicillin is a bactericidal. A bactericidal usually either interferes with the formation of the bacteriums cell wall or its cell contents. A bacteriostatic stops bacteria from multiplying. Uses of antibiotics An antibiotic is given for the treatment of an infection caused by bacteria. They target only bacteria they do not attack other organisms, such as fungi or viruses. If you have an infection it is important to know whether it is caused by bacteria, and not a virus or fungus. Most upper respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold and sore throats are generally caused by viruses antibiotics do not work against viruses. Antibiotics are overused or used incorrectly there is a chance that the bacteria will become resistant the antibiotic becomes less effective against that type of bacterium. A broad-spectrum antibiotic can be used to treat a wide range of infections. A narrow-spectrum antibiotic is only effective against a few types of bacteria. There are antibiotics that attack aerobic bacteria, while others work against anaerobic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria need oxygen, while anaerobic bacteria dont. Antibiotics may be given beforehand, to prevent infection, as might be the case before surgery. This is called prophylactic use of antibiotics. They are commonly used before bowel and orthopedic surgery. Bacteria The word bacteria is the plural of bacterium. Grammatically the headline should just say What are bacteria? The incorrect usage has been included in the headline to remind readers that it is wrong and hopefully help correct an increasingly common mistake in the English language. Bacteria are tiny living beings (microorganisms) they are neither plants nor animals they belong to a group all by themselves. Bacteria are tiny single-cell microorganisms, usually a few micrometers in length that normally exist together in millions. A gram of soil typically contains about 40 million bacterial cells. A milliliter of fresh water usually holds about one million bacterial cells. Planet Earth is estimated to hold at least 5 nonillion bacteria. Scientists say that much of Earths biomass is made up of bacteria. 5 nonillion = 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (or 51030) (Nonillion = 30 zeros in USA English. In British English it equals 54 zeros. This text uses the American meaning) Bacterial cell walls Bacterial cell walls consist of layer of peptidoglycan which is made up of many parallel polysaccharide chains with short peptide cross-linkage forming an enormous molecule with net-like structure. However, there are two different types of bacterial cell wall, which can be distinguished by Gram staining, a staining technique developed by Christian Gram in 1984 and still in use today. Before staining, bacteria are colorless. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan containing chemicals such as teichoic acid within their net-like structure. The crystal violet in the stain binds to the teichoic acid and resists decolouring in the rest of the process, leaving the positive purple/blue color. The cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan with ni teichoic acid between the two layers of membranes and then an outer membrane-like layer made up of lipopolisaccharides. Any crystal violet which does not bind is readily decolourised and replaced with red safranine in the Gram stain. So cells appear red. PROBLEM STATEMENT Which antibiotic is the most effective on bacteria? APPARATUS 200 ml of micropipette, conical flask, forceps, 100 ml beaker MATERIALS Petri dish, sample of E.coli and staphylococcus, 3 different types of antibiotic which are carbenicilin, streptomycin and tetracycline, distilled water, Dettol handwash, 75 % of ethanol, agar, tissue paper VARIABLES Fixed variable : volume of bacteria Manipulated variable : types of antibiotic Responding variable : area of inhibition zone HYPOTHESIS The most effective antibiotic to inhibit bacteria growth is ampicillin PROCEDURE First of all, wash out hands with the soap or handwash. The working area is sprayed thoroughly with the disinfectant spray. It is left for at least 10 minutes, and wiped with a paper towel. An agar plate seeded with is prepared. The petri dish is labeled on the base at the edge out of name, the date and type of bacterium it is inoculated with by usng permanent marker pen. After finishing marking the petri dish, the Esterichia coli bacteria is poured by using micropipette into the petri dish on the marked labeling and distribute it evenly. The agar is taken out from 60 ÃÅ'Ã…  C oven. The mouth of the conical flask containing the agar is warmed in the flame to prevent any different bacteria from surrounding grow inside it. The agar is left for 10 minutes for it to solidify before putting the sterile disc dip into three different antibiotics. The forceps are flamed and used them to pick up disc or Mast ring. It is dip into the antibiotic solution and is placed firmly in the centre of the agar. The dish is taped securely with two pieces of adhesive tape and kept it upside down at room temperature for 24 hours. Step 1 until steps 7 are repeated by using another type of bacteria which is staphylococcus. Our hands are washed with soap or handwash and the bench is cleaned again using the 75 % of ethanol. After the incubation, the plate should be looked at carefully but do not open it. Where bacteria have grown the plate will look opaque, but where the antibiotics have inhibited growth, clear zones called inhibition zones will be seen. The diameter of the inhibition zones is measured in milimetres and the information is used to decide which antibiotic is most effective at inhibiting the growth of the bacterium. The data is collected from other members of the class who used the other bacterial cultures. PRECAUTIONS When carrying out the experiment, we should work very closed to the Bunsen burner to prevent any impurities in each apparatus that is used. Do not seal completely the upper and lower part of petri dish. Both petri dishes contain different bacteria need to be inverted to prevent the water vapour from forming at the upper site of the agar. It might affected or overshadow the inhibition zones that are formed inside the dish. Make sure our hands are constantly being wash with disinfectant before touching any apparatus. Before using any apparatus, they should be sterile to prevent any unwanted impurities to grow in the petri dish. Do not open the petri dish after incubation to prevent from infection. Explanation of the data Table above shows the area of inhibition zone of the bacteria growth on two different bacteria. Four types of antibiotics are used to be investigated which is the most effective on a particular bacteria. They are tetracycline, streptomycin, carbenicillin and ampicillin. Whereas two types of bacteria are used which are staphylococcus and Esterichia Coli. For E.coli, ampicilin showed the greatest inhibition area of bacteria growth with 10.2 cmÂÂ ². Another antibiotic that showed the closest reading is streptomycin. Tetacyclin and carbenicilin showed 5.3 cmÂÂ ² and 4.9 cmÂÂ ² respectively. This result clearly shown that ampicilin is the most effective antibiotic to inhibit the growth of E.coli. Besides that, E.coli is a gram negative bacteria. The cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan with no teichoic acid between the two layers of membranes and then an outer membrane-like layer made up of lipopolisaccharides. In addition to that, Staphylococcus also had a higher inhibition zone of bacteria on ampicilin. Other bacterias have no effect as great as ampicilin which can be consider as a strong antibiotic. Staphy is a gram positive bacteria. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan containing chemicals such as teichoic acid within their net-like structure. The crystal violet in the stain binds to the teichoic acid and resists decolouring in the rest of the process, leaving the positive purple/blue color. That is why ampicilin is said to be the most effective antibiotic on both bacterias. Limitations There are some limitations that cannot be avoided when carrying out the experiment. The first one was every apparatus that we used had been sterile by the laboratory assistant. Thus we had to wash our hands thoroughly before touching anything. We even could not talk during the preparation. The problem was we carried out the experiment on the labs table, instead of using the cupboard fume to maintain the sterile apparatus. Thus, there might be some of the apparatus that we were using had been contaminated. This condition might affect the reliability of the experiment hence the expected results might not get at the end of the experiment. Besides that, we had to wash our hands by using the dettol hand soap before we start and end the experiment. We had to remove all the impurities and bacteria and that was the purpose of washing hand. The problem rose as we did not know whether we had washed our hand to the maximum cleanliness. Consequently, all the apparatus and materials that we used might be affected by our hand. This is done so that there are no infections or contaminations on the agar that might give problems later. Sources of error There are some sources of error when carrying out this experiment. Firstly, we prepared the experiment at room temperature. It was supposed to carry out in sterile medium to prevent anything from affecting during the preparation of bacteria and antibiotics. Next, the major problem that could be seen during the experiment was most of the groups could not be able to solidify their agar to the maximum hardness. Consequently, when inverting the petri dish, all its contents would be messy inside the petri dish and the disc had mixed to one another. Thus, the antibiotics on each disc also had mixed that could affected the whole result. To overcome this problem, students should let the agar solidify before inverting the petri dish. Another problem was some of the groups do not invert their petri dish before keeping it inside the incubator. This would cause the water vapour to form at the upper part of the petri dish. It would also affect the growth of the bacteria in agar. Fourth, the layer of agar inside the petri dish was too thin that caused it fell to the bottom when inverting it. Besides ruining the shape of the agar and the position of the discs in the agar, the thin layer of agar also inhibits the growth of bacteria because it lacked of nutrients. To prevent this, the layer of agar should be half of the petri dish. Further work To get more reliable and accurate result, this experiment should be repeated by varying the temperature to investigate the activity of antibiotic on bacteria. This means that increase the temperature would cause the antibiotic to act more rapidly compared to the temperature that we used before. Thus we do not have to wait for 24 hours to see the inhibition zone. This manipulated variable also do not waste the time consuming for the experiment. Moreover, as the antibiotic shows more faster effect, thus the bacteria and antibiotic should be put in separately different petri dish to prevent it from overlapping. CONCLUSION The most effective antibiotic is ampicilin. The hypothesis is aceepted. Words = 2200 Marks and Spencer: Processes of Change Marks and Spencer: Processes of Change Introduction All organizations that are currently undergoing some kind of change. Many of these programs on the changes resulting from management practices, such as culture change, business process engineering, empowerment and quality of the whole. Other initiatives, the changes are dependent on the needs of the organization to reposition the face of changing competitive conditions. A good example is the ongoing process of change at Marks Spencer. Strategic Change The term is usually reserved for such initiatives. These transitions are often related radicals in the organization, which includes strategy, structure, systems, processes and culture. Success in implementing strategic change in organizations is poor. Many simply do not understand that the implementation (which is actually turning plans into reality), and not the wording that is difficult. To the strategic objective becomes a reality, it is necessary to change the way people behave in organizations. This will require more restructuring and new systems. Background of change Faster pace of change is the starting point. Sure, companies live in times of change, indeed, more turbulent age than ever. But what was true for many years. What happened to that last, managers realized that without changes in not only miss opportunities, can kill or paralyze society. Even if an organization indulges in finally change may be too late to prevent continual arthritis of the company. Marks Spencer has been horribly damaged, not only by his lawyer about the size of its reserves, but by managing cattle demonstrated that corresponds to unravel. M S, after serving what turned out to be a strong reflection of heavy blows of its reputation and profits fell by a few weak sales. The worst thing is that Suns statistics were accompanied by anecdotal evidence bad choice of clothing for women, lack of resources, attractive shops which confirmed that the problems were not resolved. M S knew that he needed the conversion to a retailer who fleet feet, a magnet for vendors and managers, and a dynamic leader in the field of fashion. But M S was never one of those three things. During the long reign of dominance Rick Greenbury, the consolidated unnecessary functions from the past: from top to bottom, slowly and deeply conservative. Description of changes in the organization The process of change can be difficult, may be slow and painful. People by nature do not like change. Companies naturally do not like change. The question is whether we want to drive the implementation of strategic changes in our business, how much pain we are ready to commit to adopting means for change? We must first ask the reasons for changes in the business environment? There are four modes of changes that may occur in any company and be seen as the primary cause. The theory of change management Managing change in the tradition of organizational development, considers the organization of social systems, and therefore relates to humanistic element in conjunction with the mechanics of the organization. The aim is to improve the efficiency and prosperity by facilitating the organization of the development process so that eventually the organization is able to solve their problems and adjust if necessary. Therefore, in order to implement effective change, the scientist-physician must be able to adapt and apply appropriate rules to the current situation. Familiar models for inclusion in our theories in use were selected for their usefulness, adaptation and integration of members of the organization. They are listed below. Planned changes to the model of Lewin (1951) These changes in the oldest and most fundamental are that Lewins change model. It consists of three stages: melting, movement and refreezing. The publication is to reduce the peacekeeping forces of organizational behaviour. The movement involves moving behaviour of the organization and re-freezing is to stabilize the new state. Lewins saw a change in behaviour of sources in the organization. These forces are trying to maintain the standard and those who fought for change. Model of action research The classical model of action research focuses on the planned changes as an iterative process in which a preliminary examination on the organization is a way for future research and future needs. Search in the initial phase is estimated to guide research. The model focuses on the massive data collection and identification prior to any action taking place and a careful evaluation later. Emphasis is placed on the organization and work with your doctor to change all stages of the process. Business model is based on the most current research approach to planned change and is often considered synonymous with the IP (Cummings and Worley, 2005) Kotter Model According to Kotter, the plans should be established to develop appropriate stages, achievable and measurable changes, while engaging, enable and facilitate the participation of people as quickly and as openly as possible (Kotter, 1995, p. 2-3). Changes must be realistic, achievable and measurable (Kotter, 1995, p. 6). These aspects are particularly relevant to management and changes in individual groups. Prior to the organizational changes, the organization must determine what it wants to achieve with this change, why and how he knows that change is achieved. It is the address that is affected by this change and how they will react. Finally, how changes in the organization are able to achieve alone and what aspects of the changes he needs a specialist or outside help to achieve. Intervention Our diagnosis, offer interventions to deal with errors or problems and help Marks and Spencer in competition with other organizations. This list, which is not exhaustive credits towards a cultural change, but taking into account the wider context, which is defined at the beginning of the quantitative changes in corporate strategy are required. Therefore, the intervention process, which includes culture change, would be best suited for this case. Transformational change Transformational change is a relatively new organizational change. Is concerned about radical change and is essentially change the way the organization is perceived both internally and externally and how it works. This type of change would be particularly relevant to the case of Marks and Spencer, as it must radically change the way you operate in a competitive environment. Culture change The concept of organizational culture has brought a lot of research and culture, many models have been developed to define measure and observe the culture. However, little consensus about the nature of culture or to understand. Nevertheless, culture has become a very important part of the organization and activities covering a culture change have increased sharply. Schein (1990), Millward (2005) model of culture is one of the most commonly used, consists of four layers at different levels of consciousness. In the centre of the basic assumptions (unconscious, reactions uncontested guide), values (this is important) and norms (how to behave), and finally, artefacts (observable behaviours and procedures). This metaphor of culture cannot hope to capture all the elements of organizational culture, it is a useful tool in the study. Need for change To understand how organizations respond to the need for change, we must examine the organizational processes and management, organization transformation through additions, deletions or changes to the resource base leads to the attainment of these processes of change. We need to know not only what the organization which markets will come, how fast they grow, but how they do it. To understand how organizations respond to the need for change, we must examine the organizational processes and management, organization transformation through additions, deletions or changes to the resource base leads to the attainment of these processes of change. We need to know not only what the organization which markets will come, how fast they grow, but how they do it. Factors that determine the need for strategic change Organizations usually in response to changes in the external environment, as well as the development of competitive advantages in the organization. External environmental factors, including: Social factors Such as changes in demographics and purchasing habits of consumers. Legal factors Legal pressures that force organizations to comply with the law changes, for example, in response to environmental legislation. Economic factors Relate to the booms and declines in economic activity in general, changes in interest rates, inflation, etc. Political factors These are related to wider policy changes for example the government to take a particular line of the privatization / role of government in society. Technological factors Technological aspects of technological advances such as developing new methods based on point of sale by the company. In addition to these factors, he slept a significant impact on the organization, making competition. Slept analysis is an analysis of the major changes in the environment of the organization. This is sometimes called environmental scanning. Managing change is a key aspect of how the organization responds to changes in an appropriate manner. Todays managers believe that in the future, organizations need more leaders who can use the talents of the organization in achieving its objectives, the development of a culture that believes change as an opportunity rather than a threat, regularly invent the organization, effectively planning and implementing change. To succeed in this environment, managers have to do the right things in the existing well-defined procedures and limitations. Predictable and stable environment reduces the need to mobilize the organizations capacity, flexibility, creativity and innovation. The environment has changed radically, and successful organizations and their managers should behave differently. Managers in todays environment are needed to transformation of the organization, to develop good relationships with internal and external stakeholders, run horizontally and vertically, and not the entire culture lines enable employees and the development of networks and alliances. Stakeholders in developing a strategy change Stakeholders are those who have direct interest in the organization and may be beneficial, and harmful to the organization if not properly treated if a policy is adopted in order to keep the company and they should also participate in company affairs and decision making. The system is planned in this direction in which we can pass our message to all actors in society and be in the best interest of the latter. Some of it is also relevant for people who do not want to change or resist change. The behaviour of these people also consider. Resistance to change Responses to organizational change initiatives are no different. In the beginning there is a small proportion of the early adopters those who want to participate, because I just changed a breakthrough that will lead to better conditions. Most of the people affected by the initiative of the changes will be far less enthusiastic than the early adopters, but over time they will eventually accept and adjust to it. Finally, the group will not be very resilient, many of whom will never adapt to the changes in place. This range of behaviour results from a normal distribution. It is a natural phenomenon intuitively understood by most managers of change. Unfortunately, though perhaps unconsciously, to understand the phenomenon, these managers often do not use this knowledge to better organize an effective change. The aim is to adopt the first to develop their support and consciously use their influence to speed up the most reluctant to change. It is important to understand that they do not reflect the impact of hierarchical position. Leaders are natural leaders and respected functional experts who are well connected. They are nodes in the social, business, politics and communications networks, and their sphere of influence goes beyond the scope of their parent organization. While these influential illustrate its support for the changes, they are a marketing tool more powerful than any message issued by the office of managing change. Strategies should be performed on the leaders of high or medium, the goal is to transform them into the first users, and use its influence over the end of the interest or commitment. For those who cannot be pulled forward or to the small force, aims to accelerate the speed of their adaptation to help them better understand and prepare for the consequences of change. It is also focusing on people who are able to adapt, but because of its unique combination of knowledge, skills or abilities, but a significant contribution. Some people will be unwilling or unable to adapt to change. They are already able to demonstrate their acceptance and respect for a change, otherwise, may suffer the consequences clear. Include initiatives that will affect change, how it will affect them and what their reactions might be important for the success of the strategy changes. When an organization brings new things about people, there will be problems. Participation, involvement and open, early, full communication are important factors. How to tell change to people The workshops are very useful process to develop a common understanding, methods, principles, methods, systems, ideas, etc. Surveys are useful to repair the damage and lack of trust among employees if you allow people to fill them out anonymously, and provided that publish and implement the findings. You cannot force change individuals and teams must have the right to seek their own solutions and responses, the facilitation and management support, tolerance and compassion for managers and executives. Management style and leadership behaviour are more important than intelligence and the political process. Employees must have confidence in the organization. A leader must listen to and work with these ideas, or change can be very painful, and soon will be lost in the process. You may also find that the main problem is the resistance of the people and defence of someone who is in the organization, what you do. After this challenge, you can begin to compare what is happening with what the organization intends to do (mission, values, goals, priorities, targets, key performance indicators, process measures), as people feel things (marketing, maintenance workers, morale and attitudes ) as well as customers and suppliers feel too much (in fact, go out and find clients and former clients in particular). Follow the protocol is very difficult you have properly with people and explain who you are and what you do. Be polite. Respect the people more than usual; because they are sensitive, it is understandable. The framework for change management at Marks Spencer Marks Spencer has been under pressure to change the external economic factors and not yet answered correctly. It is for this reason that the approach proposed amendment is necessary to initiate and implement change is being driven by the management of physician (s). Using current models and theories of change management in the organization development, proposed a framework for planned changes that could be used by Marks Spencer. Context of Changing First, in the context of the situation to be addressed in order to develop appropriate methods of change. This can be done in three dimensions: The volume changes Incremental change to solve specific problems such as lack of communication and low customer satisfaction Quantum amendment to change the basic functioning of organizations, including the structure and culture Degree of organization Over-organized where policies are too rigid for effective action due to poor communication, conflict avoidance, etc. Sub-structured where there is too little regulation for the effective operation due to lack of direction and coordination structure. Domestic vs International Cultural differences, especially between Eastern and Western societies, for example, Asian countries tend to be hierarchical and North America deal with individuality. It can be difficult to implement change, which encourages openness among employees when it is not viewed positively. In the case of Marks and Spencer, the magnitude of change is that major changes in the quantum of culture, structure and strategy must be addressed. They will be included in the applied intervention. They are also highly organized society with the management system now that he is honoured to be part of the overall problem. Although the system successfully in the past, is steeped in ancient culture and able to adapt to a redesigned image of Marks Spencer. Therefore, the process of change at Marks Spencer will focus on softening of the structure. General review, Marks Spencer, will be treated as a citizen of the operation of this case, since closed down its operations in Europe and North America sold its franchise stores in Hong Kong. The model change is composed of seven steps to help developers to the key issues of transformation. Activities focus on people, leadership, trust, vision, empowerment, celebration and institutionalization. Despite the emerging linear stages can occur simultaneously. Effective communication is the mortar. There must be open and honest communication in every step of the process, and communication needs to combine these steps together. Nothing can destroy the effort to change sooner or permanently, that poor communication. Here are the steps for effective transition. Assessment and solve human problems Contractor changes need to invest time and effort to understand the problems of people does not appear in place of those who suffered, and then practice the golden rule of treating others as they would be treated. Exercise strong leadership in the organization Without strong leadership, positive change will not. Leadership can no longer be the domain of a few organizations all the staff responsible should do what it takes to achieve organizational goals. This is especially true when change must occur. Many must step in and assume leadership. Spreading leadership and decision-making responsibilities, inspires and motivates everyone to play a role in implementing the changes. Building trust in the leadership Confidence is simply the belief that it would suffer if threatened. Obviously, the level of mutual trust between labour and management or between supervisors and subordinates affects the health of the organization. Clearly articulate the vision to all If you want to change, please explain the reason and purpose of fundamental change. People cannot have a real idea of where the organization is or what problems it faces. You have to tell them. They need to understand the purpose for the desired result. Be prepared to answer these questions: What is the problem? Who said that? What happens if you do not change? Creating an helpful environment Organizations can do everything possible to prepare the ground for change in response to the concerns of people in order to demonstrate strong leadership, building trust, formulating a vision all, that is, but to create an environment to enable success. Honest answer is that you can get almost as much as you want to manage anything else of a turbulent, messy, chaotic nature, it is not really manage it, talk with her. It is a question of leadership is one of management skills. The first thing to do is jump in. You cannot do something outside. A clear sense of mission or purpose is essential. A simple mission, the better. Building a team that can work hard and one of them is the team leader. Pick people with relevant skills and high energy levels. Youll need two. Set flexible priorities. You must have the ability to drop what youre doing and tend to something more important. Treat everything as a temporary measure. Ask for volunteers. You will be surprised that arises. You will be pleasantly surprised what you can do. Find a good boss or team leader and stay in his way. Conclusion In concluding this report, we can say that effective reforms introduced to the strategy are to maximize the huge returns if these changes are well managed. In this report, and Spencer takes on the characters thinking and different models are also discussed to show the strategic shift from Marks Spencer, which is a leading company in the UK, but suffered from some activities for that has to change, and finally models Kotter and Lewins, a representative of the role of stakeholders that their existence in the affairs of the company is very necessary to be able to join in their decisions and At last appropriate model is also developed, which will provide guidance for better performance.